Table 1

Summary of study characteristics.

Study
Country
Study Year
Data Source(s)
No. of Observations
Perspective
Incidence/Prevalence
Top-down/Bottom-up
Sensitivity analysis

Published Studies: OECD Countries

Zmirou et al. [18]
France
1994
Primary data:
A cross-sectional study conducted in three cities in France.
970,000
Societal
Prevalence
Bottom-up
Yes (low and high)
Voorhees et al. [19]
Tokyo, Japan
1994
Secondary sources:
Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG), Japanese Environment Agency (JEA), Japanese Ministry of Transportation.
Not stated
Societal
Prevalence
Top-down
Yes
Navrud [22]
Norway
1996
Primary data:
A CV survey conducted in Norway & also use other secondary data sources
1009
Societal
Prevalence
Combination of bottom-up & top-down
Yes
Rozan [20]
Strasbou, France
1998
Primary data:
A survey conducted in Strasbourg in France. Some epidemiological studies are also used as a secondary source.
1,000
Societal
Prevalence
Bottom-up
No
Neidell [21]
California, USA
1998
Secondary sources:
California Hospital Discharge Data (CHDD), US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Climatic Data Center, Census of Population, 1990, Air Resources Board, 1990
800,000 (Children aged 1–18)
Societal
Prevalence
Top-down
Yes (low and high)
Panis [23]
Belgium
1998
Data sources:
Used different secondary sources, e.g., ExternE project data are used.
Total population of Belgium
Societal
Prevalence
Top-down
No

Unpublished Studies: OECD Countries

DSS Management Consulting inc.) [24]
Canada
2000–2015
Data sources:
Statistics of Canada & Census Information, hospital-level survey conducted by the Ontario Medical Association (OMA).
11 million (total population of Ontario)
Societal
Prevalence
Combination of bottom-up & top-down
No
Vergana and the Mexico Air Quality the WB study [25]
Metro-politan Mexico City (ZMV)
1999
Secondary sources:
Mexican National Institute of Statistics, Geography & Information (INEGI), National Health Survey, 1994
17 million
Societal
Prevalence
Top-down
Yes (high, central and low)

Published Studies: non-OECD Countries

Larson et al [45]
Volgograd Russia
1995
Secondary data:
29 stationary sources
Total population 50,000* 29 = 1,450,000
Societal
Prevalence
Top-down
Yes
Alberini & Krupnick [1]
Taiwan
1991–1992
Primary data:
A combined epidemiological & economic study conducted in three cities in Taiwan.
Total population: 3,031,532 Sample observations: 87,676
Societal
Prevalence
Bottom-up
No
Srivastava & Kumar [2]
Mumbai, India
1997
Sources:
Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Transport Commissioners office, Maharashtra State, Mumbai.
15.6 million
Societal
Prevalence
Top-down
No
Quah & Boon [50]
Singapore
1999
Secondary data sources:
ENV Annual Report, 1998, Monthly Digest of Statistics, 1999, Singapore Dept. of Statistics, Ministry of Health, Singapore.
Total population in Singapore = 3,893,600
Societal
Prevalence
Top-down
Yes (high, central & low)
Resosudarmo& Napitupulu [48]
Indonesia, Jakarta
1998
Data sources:
Indonesian Central Statistics Body (BPS), a survey conducted at Cipto Hospital (public hospital), and another survey conducted at Universitas Kristen Indonesia Hospital (private hospital) and at several individual medical practices.
Total population in Jakarta = 11 million
Societal
Prevalence
Combination of bottom-up & top-down
No
Kan & Chen [46]
Shanghai, China
2001
Data sources:
Shanghai Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Public Health, China Ministry of Health.
Total urban population of Shanghai
Societal
Prevalence
Top-down
No
Deng [47]
Beijing, China
2000
Data sources:
Primary data Secondary sources:
WHO, World bank, National Bureau of Statistics of China, Beijing Environment Protection Bureau, China Statistical Yearbook
Total population of Beijing = 13.82 million
Societal
Prevalence
Combination of bottom-up & top-down
Yes

Unpublished Studies: non-OECD Countries

Saksena & Dayal [49]
India
1997
Secondary Sources:
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Central Bureau of Health Intelligence (CBHI).
Total population in India = 846 million (used 1991 census)
Societal
Prevalence
Top-down
Yes (Low & High)
Report of Environment Protection Department, Hong Kong [51]
Hong Kong, China
1997–1998
Sources:
Report on Focus Group Survey Data, Hospital Authority (HA), Department of Health, Census & Statistics Department, and Government Gazette.
Total population in Hong Kong = 6.31 million (estimated in 1996)
Societal
Prevalence
Combination of bottom-up & top-down
Yes (ranging numerical)

Pervin et al. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 2008 6:19   doi:10.1186/1478-7547-6-19