Table 1 |
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Independent variables explored for each model |
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|
Model |
Variable Name [Source/Justification] |
Variable Description |
Source |
Expected Influence ceteris paribus |
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|
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All |
GDP (PPP) [16] |
Gross Domestic Product measured in international dollars |
WHO |
Prices increases with GDP |
|
GDP (USD) [16] |
Gross Domestic Product measured in US dollars |
WHO |
Prices increases with GDP |
|
|
Both Media Models |
Regional Dummies (WHO) |
Global Burden of Disease regions (geographic and economic) |
WHO |
Proximate groups may have similar market structures |
|
Regional Dummies (WB) |
World Bank regions – Income groups (economic) |
WB |
Proximate groups may have similar market structures |
|
|
Printed Media |
Flyer Dummy |
Variable indicating if price is for flyer rather than poster |
Collected data/WHO |
Lower price if flyer |
|
Flyer Dummy * GDP |
Interaction term |
Price of flyers may have different relation to GDP than posters if different printing technologies are used |
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|
Advertising Media |
Population in service area [17] |
Total population in area reached by a media outlet |
UN Stats/World Gazetteer |
Larger population raises price |
|
Predicted market size [17] |
Total population in area reached by a media outlet adjusted for access to media outlets |
UN Stats |
Larger population raises price |
|
|
Competition within media outlet type [23;24;25] |
Number of media outlets within a category (TV, Radio, Newspaper), adjusted and unadjusted for predicted market size |
CIA Fact book/UN Stats |
Greater competition would likely reduce prices (although interacts with demand for media) |
|
|
Competition with all media outlet types [23] |
Number of media outlets across categories (TV, Radio, Newspaper), adjusted and unadjusted for predicted market size |
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Monopoly [17] |
Collected data |
Monopoly would likely raise prices |
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|
Government Ownership [17] |
Undetermined; depends on government pricing policy but likely would raise prices if monopoly or lower prices if in competitive market. |
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|
Newspaper Dummy |
Variable indicating if price is for Newspaper rather than radio |
Collected data/WHO |
Higher price than radio |
|
|
TV Dummy |
Variable indicating if price is for TV rather than radio |
Higher price than radio |
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|
Dummies * GDP |
Interaction term |
Price of media may have different relation to GDP than radio because different technologies are used |
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|
Water |
Access to fresh water |
Amount of water available per capita (annual) |
WB Development Indicators |
Higher access to water should lower price |
|
Total quantity of water supplied [17;33] |
Total amount of water supplied in a country (annual) |
More demand should raise prices; may also indicate dis/economies of scale |
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|
Island (dummy) |
Variable indicates if the country is a small island |
Data collected |
Increase price if an island |
|
|
Annual Rainfall [33] |
Total annual rainfall |
Country Watch |
Increased rainfall should decrease price of water |
|
|
Electricity |
Fraction derived from fossil fuels |
Percentage of electricity generated from fossil fuels |
CIA Fact book |
Higher fossil fuel use should increases price |
|
Fraction imported |
Percentage of electricity consumed that is imported |
Higher imports should increase price |
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|
Total electricity consumption [17] |
Total amount of electricity consumed |
More demand should raise prices; may also indicate dis/economies of scale |
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|
Total electricity production [17] |
Total amount of electricity produced |
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Johns et al. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 2006 4:8 doi:10.1186/1478-7547-4-8 |
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